Natural evolution of perforating wounds of 30% extension of the left diaphragm and the anatomopathological characteristics of its healing. Experimental Study.

INTRODUCTION: diaphragmatic injury is a challenge for surgeons. It is an injury that can be isolated. It is frequent in penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma. It represents a diagnostic challenge and the ideal approach is not yet well established. The occurrence of spontaneous healing of these injuries is still much discussed and even more, if it does, what is the healing mechanism? OBJECTIVE: to macroscopically and histologically evaluate the natural evolution of perforation and cutting wounds equivalent to 30% of the left diaphragm. METHOD: 50 specimens of rats underwent a surgical procedure and, after 30 days, were euthanized and those that presented scar tissue in the diaphragm, the samples were submitted to histopathological study, using the hematoxylin and eosin stains, Massons trichrome and Picrosirius to assess the presence of collagen or muscle fibers (hyperplasia) in the scar. RESULTS: it was found that healing occurred in diaphragmatic injuries in 90% of rats. We also observed the presence of fibrosis in all analyzed samples. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous healing occurred in most diaphragmatic injuries and the inflammatory reaction represented by the presence of fibrosis and collagen deposition was observed in all our samples. Muscle fiber hyperplasia did not occur.

Prognostic assessment of tumor markers in lung carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Serum tumor markers are molecules that are secreted by tumor cells and may be present in small amounts in the serum of healthy individuals. Their role as prognostic factors in lung cancer remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic role of CEA, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and CA 125 in non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 112 patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer from two Oncology Centers were retrospectively analyzed. Tumor marker levels were measured prior to treatment. Data regarding clinical characteristics and overall survival were collected. RESULTS: Median overall survival of all patients was 15.97 months. Pre-treatment elevations of CA 125 and CA 15-3 were associated with shorter overall survival (p=0.004 and p=0.014, respectively). Single CEA and CA 19-9 elevations were not associated with a worse prognosis. Patients with two or more elevated markers had a statistically significant decrease in overall survival (p=0.008). In the multivariate analysis, smoking status and number of positive tumor markers at diagnosis were independently associated with a worse prognosis. CONCLUSION: High pre-treatment levels of tumor markers were correlated with decreased survival in patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer.

Prognostic assessment of tumor markers in lung carcinomas

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Serum tumor markers are molecules that are secreted by tumor cells and may be present in small amounts in the serum of healthy individuals. Their role as prognostic factors in lung cancer remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prognostic role of CEA, CA 19-9, CA 15-3, and CA 125 in non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 112 patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer from two Oncology Centers were retrospectively analyzed. Tumor marker levels were measured prior to treatment. Data regarding clinical characteristics and overall survival were collected. RESULTS: Median overall survival of all patients was 15.97 months. Pre-treatment elevations of CA 125 and CA 15-3 were associated with shorter overall survival (p=0.004 and p=0.014, respectively). Single CEA and CA 19-9 elevations were not associated with a worse prognosis. Patients with two or more elevated markers had a statistically significant decrease in overall survival (p=0.008). In the multivariate analysis, smoking status and number of positive tumor markers at diagnosis were independently associated with a worse prognosis. CONCLUSION: High pre-treatment levels of tumor markers were correlated with decreased survival in patients with non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer.

Natural evolution of perforating wounds of 30% extension of the left diaphragm and the anatomopathological characteristics of its healing. Experimental Study / Evolução natural das feridas perfurocortantes de 30% de extensão do diafragma esquerdo e das características anatomopatológicas de sua cicatrização. Estudo Experimental

ABSTRACT Introduction: diaphragmatic injury is a challenge for surgeons. It is an injury that can be isolated. It is frequent in penetrating thoracoabdominal trauma. It represents a diagnostic challenge and the ideal approach is not yet well established. The occurrence of spontaneous healing of these injuries is still much discussed and even more, if it does, what is the healing mechanism? Objective: to macroscopically and histologically evaluate the natural evolution of perforation and cutting wounds equivalent to 30% of the left diaphragm. Method: 50 specimens of rats underwent a surgical procedure and, after 30 days, were euthanized and those that presented scar tissue in the diaphragm, the samples were submitted to histopathological study, using the hematoxylin and eosin stains, Massons trichrome and Picrosirius to assess the presence of collagen or muscle fibers (hyperplasia) in the scar. Results: it was found that healing occurred in diaphragmatic injuries in 90% of rats. We also observed the presence of fibrosis in all analyzed samples. Conclusion: Spontaneous healing occurred in most diaphragmatic injuries and the inflammatory reaction represented by the presence of fibrosis and collagen deposition was observed in all our samples. Muscle fiber hyperplasia did not occur.

RESUMO Introdução: o ferimento diafragmático é um desafio para os cirurgiões. É uma lesão que pode ser isolada. É frequente nos traumas penetrantes toracoabdominais. Representa um desafio diagnóstico e a conduta ideal ainda não está bem estabelecida. A ocorrência da cicatrização espontânea dessas lesões é ainda muito discutida e mais ainda, se ocorre, qual o mecanismo de cicatrização? Objetivo: avaliar macroscopicamente e histologicamente a evolução natural das feridas perfuro cortantes equivalentes a 30% do diafragma esquerdo. Método: 50 espécimes de ratos, foram submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico e, após 30 dias, foram submetidos à eutanásia e aqueles que apresentaram tecido cicatricial no diafragma, as amostras foram submetidas a estudo histopatológico, usando as colorações de hematoxilina e eosina, tricrômico de Masson e Picrossirius para avaliar a presença de colágeno ou de fibras musculares (hiperplasia) na cicatriz. Resultados: verificou-se que ocorreu nas lesões diafragmáticas, a cicatrização em 90% dos ratos. Observamos também, a presença de fibrose em todas as amostras analisadas. Conclusão: ocorreu cicatrização espontânea na maioria das lesões diafragmáticas e a reação inflamatória representada pela presença de fibrose e deposição de colágeno foi observada em todas as nossas amostras. Não ocorreu hiperplasia de fibras musculares.

Pneumostomy: an operative proposal for the treatment of severe diffuse pulmonary emphysema. / Pneumostomia: uma proposta operatória para o tratamento do enfisema pulmonar difuso grave.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate a new operative technique for the treatment of advanced pulmonary emphysema. METHODS: we conducted a prospective analysis of nine patients with severe pulmonary emphysema submitted to pneumostomy. The procedure was performed under local anesthesia, in the anterior thoracic wall, hemiclavicular line, in the second intercostal space, through an anterior thoracotomy of 5cm for access to the upper lobe, whose anterior segment was pinched and fixed to the parietal pleura. We carried out the pneumostomy with electrocautery and blunt insertion of an intrapulmonary drain. To assess the procedure, we performed pulmonary function tests, imaging tests, six-minute walk test, and applied quality of life questionnaires, all measured preoperatively and 30 days after the procedure. RESULTS: no deaths occurred related to the procedure. Imaging studies showed a decrease in lung volume. The pulmonary function showed a significant reduction in the residual volume. The six-minute walk test showed an increase in the distance covered in the postoperative period. There was significant improvement of the quality of life as demonstrated through questionnaires Medical Outcomes Study 36 Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), Saint-George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), Medical Research Council scale (MRC), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance status (ECOG). CONCLUSION: the proposed technique is feasible, safe, easy to perform and to maintain.

OBJETIVO: avaliar uma nova técnica operatória para o tratamento do enfisema pulmonar avançado. MÉTODOS: análise prospectiva de nove pacientes portadores de enfisema pulmonar grave, submetidos à pneumostomia. O procedimento foi realizado sob anestesia local, na parede torácica anterior, linha hemiclavicular, no segundo espaço intercostal, através de toracotomia anterior de 5cm para acesso ao lobo superior, cujo segmento anterior foi pinçado e fixado à pleura parietal. Realizada pneumotomia com eletrocautério e inserção romba de dispositivo (dreno) intrapulmonar. Para avaliação do procedimento, foram realizados os seguintes exames: testes de função pulmonar, exames de imagens, teste da caminhada de seis minutos e questionários de qualidade de vida, medidos todos no pré-operatório e 30 dias após o procedimento. RESULTADOS: não houve mortes relacionadas ao procedimento. Exames de imagens mostraram diminuição do volume pulmonar. A função pulmonar mostrou significante redução do volume residual. O teste de caminhada de seis minutos mostrou um aumento na distância percorrida no pós-operatório. Houve melhora significante da qualidade de vida, demonstrada por meio dos seguintes questionários: Medical Outcomes Study 36 Item Short - Form Health Survey (SF-36), Saint-George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), Medical Research Council scale (MRC) e Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance status (ECOG). CONCLUSÃO: a técnica proposta é viável, segura, de fácil realização e manutenção.

Pneumostomia: uma proposta operatória para o tratamento do enfisema pulmonar difuso grave / Pneumostomy: an operative proposal for the treatment of severe diffuse pulmonary emphysema

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar uma nova técnica operatória para o tratamento do enfisema pulmonar avançado. Métodos: análise prospectiva de nove pacientes portadores de enfisema pulmonar grave, submetidos à pneumostomia. O procedimento foi realizado sob anestesia local, na parede torácica anterior, linha hemiclavicular, no segundo espaço intercostal, através de toracotomia anterior de 5cm para acesso ao lobo superior, cujo segmento anterior foi pinçado e fixado à pleura parietal. Realizada pneumotomia com eletrocautério e inserção romba de dispositivo (dreno) intrapulmonar. Para avaliação do procedimento, foram realizados os seguintes exames: testes de função pulmonar, exames de imagens, teste da caminhada de seis minutos e questionários de qualidade de vida, medidos todos no pré-operatório e 30 dias após o procedimento. Resultados: não houve mortes relacionadas ao procedimento. Exames de imagens mostraram diminuição do volume pulmonar. A função pulmonar mostrou significante redução do volume residual. O teste de caminhada de seis minutos mostrou um aumento na distância percorrida no pós-operatório. Houve melhora significante da qualidade de vida, demonstrada por meio dos seguintes questionários: Medical Outcomes Study 36 Item Short - Form Health Survey (SF-36), Saint-George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), Medical Research Council scale (MRC) e Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance status (ECOG). Conclusão: a técnica proposta é viável, segura, de fácil realização e manutenção.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate a new operative technique for the treatment of advanced pulmonary emphysema. Methods: we conducted a prospective analysis of nine patients with severe pulmonary emphysema submitted to pneumostomy. The procedure was performed under local anesthesia, in the anterior thoracic wall, hemiclavicular line, in the second intercostal space, through an anterior thoracotomy of 5cm for access to the upper lobe, whose anterior segment was pinched and fixed to the parietal pleura. We carried out the pneumostomy with electrocautery and blunt insertion of an intrapulmonary drain. To assess the procedure, we performed pulmonary function tests, imaging tests, six-minute walk test, and applied quality of life questionnaires, all measured preoperatively and 30 days after the procedure. Results: no deaths occurred related to the procedure. Imaging studies showed a decrease in lung volume. The pulmonary function showed a significant reduction in the residual volume. The six-minute walk test showed an increase in the distance covered in the postoperative period. There was significant improvement of the quality of life as demonstrated through questionnaires Medical Outcomes Study 36 Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), Saint-George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), Medical Research Council scale (MRC), and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance status (ECOG). Conclusion: the proposed technique is feasible, safe, easy to perform and to maintain.

The effects of aqueous extract of babassu (Orbignya phalerata) on the pleura and lung parenchyma in rats.

PURPOSE: To evaluate macro and microscopically, changes following the use of the aqueous extract of babassu (Orbignya phalerata) in the lung parenchyma and pleura of rats. METHODS: Sixty adult male rats with average weight of 350 g, were randomized into two groups of 30 animals (experimental and control) further divided into sub-groups of 10 to be sacrificed at 48 h, 72 h and 21 days. The substance was injected into the right pleura of the animals. RESULTS: There was intense pleuropulmonary macroscopic reaction with statistically significant differences between groups respectively (p<0.05, p<0.02, p<0.03). Microscopically, no statistically significant difference was evident (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract of babassu (Orbignya phalerata) was found to be highly irritating to the pleura and lung of rats, evidenced macroscopically by numerous adhesions and inflammation while no major changes were evident microscopically.

The effects of aqueous extract of babassu (Orbignya phalerata) on the pleura and lung parenchyma in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate macro and microscopically, changes following the use of the aqueous extract of babassu (Orbignya phalerata) in the lung parenchyma and pleura of rats. METHODS: Sixty adult male rats with average weight of 350 g, were randomized into two groups of 30 animals (experimental and control) further divided into sub-groups of 10 to be sacrificed at 48 h, 72 h and 21 days. The substance was injected into the right pleura of the animals. RESULTS: There was intense pleuropulmonary macroscopic reaction with statistically significant differences between groups respectively (p<0.05, p<0.02, p<0.03). Microscopically, no statistically significant difference was evident (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: The aqueous extract of babassu (Orbignya phalerata) was found to be highly irritating to the pleura and lung of rats, evidenced macroscopically by numerous adhesions and inflammation while no major changes were evident microscopically.

Esophagectomy with gastroplasty in advanced megaesophagus: late results of omeprazole use.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the late results of advanced Chagasic megaesophagus treatment by esophagectomy associated with the use of proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole) as for the incidence of esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus in the remaining stump. METHODS: We studied patients with advanced megaesophagus undergoing esophagectomy and transmediastinal esophagogastroplasty. Patients were divided into three groups: A (20) with esophageal replacement by full stomach, without the use of omeprazole; B (20) with esophageal replacement by full stomach, with omeprazole 40 mg/day introduced after the first postoperative endoscopy and maintained for six years; and C (30) with esophageal replacement by gastric tube with use of omeprazole. Dysphagia, weight loss and BMI were clinical parameters we analyzed. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed in all patients, and determined the height of the anastomosis, the aspect of the mucosa, with special attention to possible injuries arising from gastroesophageal reflux, and the patency of the esophagogastric anastomosis. RESULTS: We studied 50 patients, 28 males (56%) and 22 (44%) females. All underwent endoscopy every year. In the first endoscopy, erosive esophagitis was present in nine patients (18%) and Barrett's esophagus, in four (8%); in the last endoscopy, erosive esophagitis was present in five patients (8%) and Barrett's esophagus in one (2%). When comparing groups B and C, there was no evidence that the manufacturing of a gastric tube reduced esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. However, when comparing groups A and C, omeprazole use was correlated with reduction of reflux complications such as esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus (p <0.005). CONCLUSION: The use of omeprazole (40 mg/day) reduced the onset of erosive esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus during the late postoperative period.

Analysis of natural history of the diaphragmatic injury on the right in mice / Análise da evolução natural dos ferimentos diafragmáticos à direita em ratos

Objective: to evaluate natural evolution of right diaphragmatic injury after the surgical removal of a portion from hemi diaphragm. Methods: the animals were submitted to a surgical removal of portion from right hemi diaphragm by median laparotomy. The sample consists of 42 animals being 2 animals from pilot project and 40 operated animals. And the variables of the study were herniation, liver protection, healing, persistent diaphragm injury, evaluation of 16 channels tomography and the variables "heart rate" and "weight". Results: we analyzed 40 mice, we had two post-operative deaths; we had 17 animals in this group suffered from herniation (42.5%) and 23 animals didn't suffer from herniation (57.5%). Analyzing the tomography as image method in the evaluation of diaphragmatic hernia, we had as a method with good sensitivity (78.6%), good specificity (90.9%), and good accuracy (86.1%) when compared to necropsy. Conclusion: there was a predominance of healing of right hemi diaphragm, the size of initial injury didn't have influence on occurrence of the liver protection or hernia in mice.

Objetivo: avaliar a evolução natural do ferimento diafragmático à direita após a retirada cirúrgica de uma porção do hemidiafragma. Métodos: os animais foram submetidos à ressecção de uma porção do hemidiafragma à direita através da laparotomia mediana. Foram operados 40 ratos. As variáveis analisadas foram: herniação, proteção hepática, cicatrização, lesão persistente do diafragma, avaliação da tomografia computadorizada, frequência cardíaca e peso. Resultados: foram analisados 40 ratos. Houve duas mortes no pós-operatório. Dezessete animais tiveram herniação (42,5%) e 23 (57,5%), não. Analisando emprego da tomografia computadorizada na avaliação da hérnia diafragmática, tivemos um método com boa sensibilidade (78,6%), boa especificidade (90,9%) e boa acurácia (86,1%) quando comparados com a necrópsia. Conclusão: houve predomínio de cicatrização do hemidiafragma à direita e o tamanho da lesão inicial não influenciou na ocorrência de proteção hepática ou hérnia em ratos.

Esophagectomy with gastroplasty in advanced megaesophagus: late results of omeprazole use / Esofagectomia com gastroplastia no megaesôfago avançado: análise tardia da importância do uso do omeprazol

Objective: To analyze the late results of advanced Chagasic megaesophagus treatment by esophagectomy associated with the use of proton pump inhibitor (omeprazole) as for the incidence of esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus in the remaining stump. Methods : We studied patients with advanced megaesophagus undergoing esophagectomy and transmediastinal esophagogastroplasty. Patients were divided into three groups: A (20) with esophageal replacement by full stomach, without the use of omeprazole; B (20) with esophageal replacement by full stomach, with omeprazole 40 mg/day introduced after the first postoperative endoscopy and maintained for six years; and C (30) with esophageal replacement by gastric tube with use of omeprazole. Dysphagia, weight loss and BMI were clinical parameters we analyzed. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed in all patients, and determined the height of the anastomosis, the aspect of the mucosa, with special attention to possible injuries arising from gastroesophageal reflux, and the patency of the esophagogastric anastomosis. Results : We studied 50 patients, 28 males (56%) and 22 (44%) females. All underwent endoscopy every year. In the first endoscopy, erosive esophagitis was present in nine patients (18%) and Barrett's esophagus, in four (8%); in the last endoscopy, erosive esophagitis was present in five patients (8%) and Barrett's esophagus in one (2%). When comparing groups B and C, there was no evidence that the manufacturing of a gastric tube reduced esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. However, when comparing groups A and C, omeprazole use was correlated with reduction of reflux complications such as esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus (p <0.005). Conclusion : The use of omeprazole (40 mg/day) reduced the onset of erosive esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus during the late postoperative period.

Objetivo : analisar os resultados tardios do tratamento do megaesôfago chagásico avançado através da esofagectomia associada ao IBP (omeprazol), com vistas à incidência de esofagite e esôfago de Barrett do coto esofagiano remanescente. Métodos : foram estudados pacientes com megaesôfago avançado submetidos à esofagectomia e à esofagogastroplastia transmediastinal posterior. Os pacientes foram distribuídos em três grupos: A (20) com substituição esofagiana por meio do estômago total, sem o uso do omeprazol; B (20) com substituição esofagiana por meio do estômago total, sem o uso do omeprazol durante este período; após a primeira endoscopia, realizada no pós-operatório, foi introduzido IBP (omeprazol 40mg/dia) e mantido por seis anos; e C (30) com substituição esofagiana por meio do tubo gástrico com uso do omeprazol. A disfagia, a perda ponderal e o IMC foram os parâmetros clínicos analisados. A endoscopia digestiva alta foi realizada em todos os pacientes. Foi determinada a altura da anastomose, a aparência do aspecto da mucosa, com especial atenção para possíveis lesões oriundas de refluxo gastresofágico, a patência da anastomose esofagogástrica. Resultados : na primeira endoscopia, a esofagite erosiva esteve presente em nove pacientes (18%) e o esôfago Barrett, em quatro (8%); na última endoscopia, a esofagite erosiva esteve presente em quatro pacientes (8%) e o esôfago de Barrett em um (2%). Comparando-se os grupos B e C, não houve redução da esofagite e do esôfago de Barrett. Porém, comparando-se os grupos A e C, houve redução de complicações do refluxo, como esofagite e o esôfago de Barrett (p<0,005). Conclusão : os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que o uso de omeprazol (40mg/dia) reduziu o aparecimento de esofagite erosiva e esôfago de Barrett no decorrer do pós-operatório tardio.

Analysis of natural history of the diaphragmatic injury on the right in mice.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate natural evolution of right diaphragmatic injury after the surgical removal of a portion from hemi diaphragm. METHODS: the animals were submitted to a surgical removal of portion from right hemi diaphragm by median laparotomy. The sample consists of 42 animals being 2 animals from pilot project and 40 operated animals. And the variables of the study were herniation, liver protection, healing, persistent diaphragm injury, evaluation of 16 channels tomography and the variables "heart rate" and "weight". RESULTS: we analyzed 40 mice, we had two post-operative deaths; we had 17 animals in this group suffered from herniation (42.5%) and 23 animals didn't suffer from herniation (57.5%). Analyzing the tomography as image method in the evaluation of diaphragmatic hernia, we had as a method with good sensitivity (78.6%), good specificity (90.9%), and good accuracy (86.1%) when compared to necropsy. CONCLUSION: there was a predominance of healing of right hemi diaphragm, the size of initial injury didn't have influence on occurrence of the liver protection or hernia in mice.

Natural history of extensive diaphragmatic injury on the right side: experimental study in rats / História natural do ferimento diafragmático extenso à direita: estudo experimental em ratos

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the natural healing of the rat diaphragm that suffered an extensive right penetrating injury. METHODS: Animals were submitted to an extensive penetrating injury in right diaphragm. The sample consisted of 40 animals. The variables studied were initial weight, weight 21 days after surgery; healing of the diaphragm, non-healing of the diaphragm, and herniated abdominal contents into the chest. RESULTS: Ten animals were used as controls for weight and 30 animals were operated. Two animals died during the experiment, so 28 animals formed the operated group; healing of the diaphragm occurred in 15 animals (54%), 11 other animals showed diaphragmatic hernia (39%) and in two we observed only diaphragmatic injury without hernia (7%). Among the herniated organs, the liver was found in 100% of animals, followed by the omentum in 77%, small bowel in 62%, colon in 46%, stomach in 31% and spleen in 15%. The control group and the diaphragmatic healing subgroup showed increased weight since the beginning of the study and the 21 days after surgery (p <0.001). The unhealed group showed no change in weight (p = 0.228). CONCLUSION: there is a predominance of spontaneous healing in the right diaphragm; animals in which there was no healing of the diaphragm did not gain weight, and the liver was the organ present in 100% the diaphragmatic surface in all rats with healed diaphragm or not. .

OBJETIVO: avaliar a cicatrização natural do diafragma de ratos que sofreram um ferimento penetrante extenso à direita. MÉTODOS: os animais sofreram uma lesão penetrante extensa no diafragma direito. A amostra foi composta por 40 animais. As variáveis estudadas foram peso inicial e em 21 dias de operados; cicatrização do diafragma, não cicatrização do diafragma e conteúdo herniado do abdome para o tórax. RESULTADOS: dez animais constituíram o grupo controle para o peso e 30 animais foram operados. Dois animais morreram durante o experimento, sendo assim, 28 animais constituíram o grupo de operados; ocorreu a cicatrização do diafragma em 15 animais (54%), outros 11 animais apresentaram hérnia diafragmática (39%) e por fim em dois animais observamos somente lesão diafragmática sem hérnia (7%). Analisando os órgãos herniados, encontramos o fígado em 100% dos animais, seguido pelo omento em 77%; delgado em 62%; cólon em 46%; estômago em 31% e baço em 15%. Os grupos controle e de cicatrização do diafragma apresentaram acréscimo significativo de peso do momento inicial para o momento 21 dias (p<0,001). O grupo não cicatrizado não apresentou alteração de peso (p=0,228). CONCLUSÃO: há predomínio da cicatrização espontânea no diafragma à direita, os animais em que não houve a cicatrização do diafragma não aumentaram de peso, e o fígado foi o órgão 100% presente na superfície diafragmática em todos os ratos com cicatrização ou não do diafragma. .

Avaliação espirométrica de doentes com sequela de tuberculose submetidos à lobectomia / Spirometry evaluation in patient with tuberculosis sequelae treated by lobectomy

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a espirometria no pré e pós-operatório de doentes com sequela de tuberculose, submetidos à lobectomia. MÉTODOS: Foram selecionados 20 doentes, com idade entre 15 e 56 anos, de ambos os sexos, com história pregressa de tratamento de tuberculose, apresentando infecção de repetição ou hemoptises. Foram submetidos à lobectomia pulmonar. O tempo de tratamento da tuberculose foi seis meses e o aparecimento dos sintomas entre um e 32 anos. Foram avaliadas a capacidade vital (CV), a capacidade vital forçada (CVF), o volume expiratório forçado (VEF1), o VEF1/CVF, o fluxo expiratório forçado (FEF) e o pico de fluxo expiratório (PFE) após o primeiro, terceiro e sexto meses em relação ao pré-operatório. O nível de significância (á) aplicado em todos os testes foi 5%, ou seja, considerou-se significativo quando p<0,05. RESULTADOS: As Médias encontradas foram as seguintes: Capacidade Vital (CV) Pré-operatória-2,83 ; 1º PO 2,12; 3º PO 2,31; 6º PO 2,43. Capacidade Vital Forçada (CVF) Pré-operatória- 2,97; 1º PO 2,21; 3º PO 2,35; 6º PO 2,53. Volume Expiratório no 1º Segundo (VEF1) Pré-operatório 2,23; 1º PO 1,75; 3º PO 1,81; 6º PO 1,97. Houve diminuição acentuada das funções respiratórias no primeiro mês de pós-operatório, porém houve melhora dos parâmetros a partir do terceiro mês, com progressivo aumento até o sexto mês de pós-operatório. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve recuperação dos parâmetros espirométricos, comparados aos do pré operatório, após seis meses de pós-operatório nos pacientes com sequela de tuberculose submetidos à lobectomia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pre and post-operative spirometry in patients with tuberculosis sequelae undergoing lobectomy. METHODS: We selected 20 patients, aged between 15 and 56 years, of both genders, with a history of tuberculosis treatment, with repeated infections or hemoptysis and indication of pulmonary lobectomy. The tuberculosis treatment time was six months, and onset of symptoms, between one and 32. We evaluated and compared vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume (FEV1), the FEV1/FVC, forced expiratory flow (FEF) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) preoperatively and after the first, third and sixth postoperative months (POM). The significance level (á) used in all tests was 5%, ie, it was considered significant when p <0.05. RESULTS: The averages found were: Vital Capacity (VC) - Preoperative: 2.83; 1st POM: 2.12; 3rd POM: 2.31; 6th POM: 2.43. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) - Preoperative: 2.97; 1st POM: 2.21; 3rd POM: 2.35; 6th POM: 2.53. Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) - Preoperative: 2.23; 1st POM: 1.75; 3rd POM: 1.81; 6th POM 1.97. There was marked decrease in lung function in the first month after surgery, but there was an improvement of the parameters from the third month, with gradual increase up to the sixth month. CONCLUSION: There was no recovery of preoperative spirometric parameters at six months postoperatively in patients with sequelae of tuberculosis submitted to lobectomy.

Tumor raro em mediastino: hamartoma / A rare mediastinum tumor: hamartoma

In the present paper we report a case of mediastinal tumor which we believe has never been reported. Since surgical treatment, the patient presented good evolution. We discuss the presentation, differential diagnosis and therapy. Finally, we stress the importance of the pathologic findings.

[Must all diaphragmatic penetrating wounds be sutured?]. / Toda lesão do diafragma por ferimento penetrante deve ser suturada?

Wounds to the abdominal-thoracic region are associated with diaphragm wounds in up to 48% of cases. Lesions secondary to diaphragm trauma are present in the majority of cases, facilitating the diagnosis of diaphragm lesion and subsequent surgical management. However, diaphragm lesions are isolated in 8 to 10% of cases and because they present few or no symptoms may be overlooked. In such situations, can the diaphragm be treated conservatively without suturing? Based on experiments in animals and a review of the literature, we concluded there is currently insufficient evidence to affirm that diaphragm injuries require no suturing.

Toda lesão do diafragma por ferimento penetrante deve ser suturada? / Must all diaphragmatic penetrating wounds be sutured?

Os ferimentos da região tóracoabdominal podem cursar com ferimentos diafragmáticos em até 48% dos casos. Lesões associadas ao trauma diafragmático, estão presentes na maioria das vezes, o que facilita o diagnóstico da lesão diafragmática e em consequência impõe o tratamento operatório. Porém em 8 a 10% dos casos, as lesões diafragmáticas são isoladas e por apresentarem pouco ou nenhum sintoma, estas lesões podem passar despercebidas. Nestas situações, o diafragma poderia ser tratado de modo conservador, sem a sutura do mesmo? Após a realização de trabalhos experimentais com animais e de analisar a literatura, concluímos que ainda não podemos afirmar com certeza de que é possível não suturar um ferimento diafragmático.

Wounds to the abdominal-thoracic region are associated with diaphragm wounds in up to 48% of cases. Lesions secondary to diaphragm trauma are present in the majority of cases, facilitating the diagnosis of diaphragm lesion and subsequent surgical management. However, diaphragm lesions are isolated in 8 to 10% of cases and because they present few or no symptoms may be overlooked. In such situations, can the diaphragm be treated conservatively without suturing? Based on experiments in animals and a review of the literature, we concluded there is currently insufficient evidence to affirm that diaphragm injuries require no suturing.